ROME+REVIEW

RULERS (2): Ellee Kennedy. Grace Cawdrey MINIONS (8): Bailey Wharton, Tessa Weisenborn, Clarke Waskowitz, Kristin Stratman, Ike Lanier, Chris Janidlo, Maggie Gosiger, Josh Weaver


 * MINIONS PLEASE ADD SOME INFORMATION ABOUT CHRISTIANITY, WARS, AND ABOUT WHAT WE WENT OVER IN CLASS ON FRIDAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*

very extensive timeline..sorry it is late!! from Grace caw
 * Alexander the Great 356-323 BC **

Greek style polis Greek language/culture was for rich and powerful; of sophisticated educated people, status symbol __Why did his empire fail?__ -Hard to control such a large empire, didn’t have a unified government, no interest in order -no name to empire, no unification, no national identity. Ran off of fear, when Alexander dies, empire falls apart b/c he is what holds it together
 * Made his city states Greek-ish mixed w/ other cultures
 * Importance- great military mind, not a stable empire, cultural affects are significant
 * Library of Alexandria
 * Scientific and Astrinomical advances
 * Aritosines circumference of globe
 * Stars, calendar
 * Macedonian Monarchy (democracy doesn’t spread)
 * Great devotion to learning
 * Stages of conquest:**
 * Philip of Macedonia, who conqueres much of Greece (barbarian to Greeks) dies in **336 BC**[Alexander age 20]
 * #of city states try to revolt; Alexander kills 6,000 people and enslaves rest, he means business
 * **334**Tried to conquer Persia, goes to Troy b/c he wants to be like Achilles
 * 1st battle w/ Persia: they are both on Granacus river bank, thought to be suicidal to charge, SO Alexander fights & Persian army retreats b/c these are battles of nerve
 * Darius III escapes while Alexander captures his family, Darius expects to be ransomed, Alexander writes lettr to him, “address me as king of all Asia”
 * **331**wins 3rdbattle in Persia
 * finds POW camp è MAD è goes to Persipilops (capital of Persia) & destroys it, Darius III is killed by one of his own men
 * Alexander makes his way to Indus river
 * **330** he says lets go further east! His soilders say no thanks, so returns with only ¼ of the men he left with.


 * Hellenistic Age 323-330 BC**

Lands in n. Africa w. Africia, Inida, etc. all became “hellenized” heterogeneous populations and the spread of Greek politics and culture. Transition between greek power and Rome
 * Alexander dies suddenly in 323 BC age 32
 * Empire broken into three kingdoms
 * Seleucids/Selucus- took bulk of Alexander’s conquests, controlled Mesopotamia, Syria, and parts of Antonia
 * Ptolemies/ptolemy- ruled Egypt, people of Egypt were easily controlled b/c they are of the same peoples, became very rich b/c rents and taxes paid to them, ruled from Alexandria (MAKE LINK HERE WITH STUFF BOUT ALEXANDRIA), encouraged immigration of Greeks from homeland to give them high society, also steals Alexander’s corpse and buries it there. Cleopatria is last __ptolemy__
 * Antigonid- dynasty ruled a homogeneous kingdom in Macedonia and n. Greece, Sparta tried to hold out as its own, Athens pushed to be neutral b/c they are “special”
 * Also.** Lysimachus- Asia minor

Civil war for next 43 years.. Indus valley breaks free of Empire, but eventually all these people get absorbed into Rome..

Philosophy- __Aristotle__ = student of Plato who privately tutored Alexander in Macedonia Lyceum- school he founed Concerned with what is real & practical-wrote books on everything, well educated, invented study of logic. Syllogism- ex. Every greek is a man, every man is mortal, therefore greek=mortal. Similar to if/then statement/geometric proof Biology- classifying things, valid until 1800s Ethics-people have two factors working on them, appetites & reason---moderation should win out. On Poetics- He over explained everything, ruined the emotional part of poetry On Politics- humans are naturally politicians, VERY important to study, and we are politics; Good: Monarchy Aristocracy(best in Aristotle’s opinion) Republic (best realistically) Devolved versions of the latter: Tyranny Oligarchy Democracy
 * all European philosophy for next 2000 years is Plato vs. Aristotle*

__Epicureanism vs. Stoicism (LINKS)__

__Why Rome?__ -most important & enduring political unit of ancient time -Roman identity -European civilization fell w/ Rome -Dark ages in Europe for 3/400 years -Rome has Catholic church -Roman Latin is structured and organized -Greek is very beautiful but has exceptions and is messy (metaphor for Greek vs. Roman society) -Romans were very good at taking ideas from others and modifying them to make them their own -Romans w/ Alexander the Great spread Greek culture in their conqured lands from Spain to India
 * Rome 200 BC- 3/400 AD **

Early Rome/Italy Southern Italy – Greeks Northern Italy –Etruscans (Rome is taken over by Etruscans in 6/700 BC Nobody knew of the Romans until 200/300 BC Most histories of Rome are written 3/400 years later So, histories tell us how Romans felt about themselves, cultural clues
 * 700 BC**

Rape of Lucretia (LINK) -Etruscan king: Tarquinnus Superbus shows Roman values: good women (even rich) work hard in their homes even when “nobody” is watching huge gender gap honor over life, kills herself when her honor has been ruined, her family is above her and she cant disgrace the name important to be hard working, virtious person
 * Brutus leads revolt that overthrows king in 700s
 * Brutus kills J. Ceasar later (imp. Name)

Rich/poor Land owners/ non landowners Clients/patrons - relationship that bound different classes, long lasting and informal - patrons provided protection, legal advice/representation, $ - client was expected to follow patron in battle, work his land, support him politically Patricians/Plebeians: herriditary thing, can’t be changed Patricians- Rich always held religious offices Plebeians- poorer, majority of people -did most of work, Patricians needed them - lots of tension with wealth inequality (*pattrn*) @ first this works in society, later Plebeians resent Patricians __Conflict of Orders-__ struggle/conflict between ^ - **450** resulted in laws on 12 stone tablets that served as a check on random activities of the judicial officers - **tribune 494-** office to represent Plebeians, they had power to veto any action of assembly that threatned lower orders Men/Women - Paterfamilias -oldest living males..had absolute authority over families - Women always moved under head of paterfamilias or husband’s paterfamilias - Though, they did gain more personal protection and economic freedom overtime Slave/free - economy in Rome was based off of slaves - owners could free slaves or kill slaves, no restrictions on them - slaves were educated - did unappealing jobs like mining rock, ect. Land/no Land - Soilders got paid in land when they win territory - Insentive to join an army - Opportunity for peasants to start over in another land
 * ROME/ITALY**
 * **753-31 BC** __Republic of farmers__
 * Romulus cast adrift as a baby in Tiber river, nursed by a she-wolf
 * Formed city of Rome in **753 BC**
 * In early Rome agriculture was good & land was basis of wealth
 * Council of Elders and Senate were offices for those who had more land
 * **753-507 BC** __7 Kings of Rome__
 * first was Rumus..last was Tarquinius Superbus(507)
 * Brutus conquered Supurbus and instituted a Republic
 * **507-531 BC** __Republic of Rome__
 * Class divisions:**
 * middle class clients of aristocrats could be patrons of poor men
 * elected only by Pleabiens to protect them, 10 tribunes
 * sacrosanct – unspeakable crime to hurt them, they’re untouchable
 * could investigate fraud
 * they didn’t usually veto anything one of them slightly disagreed with because nothing would get accomplished
 * trusted advisors
 * far more educated than some freemen
 * Difference between a society with slaves and a slave society
 * Society with slaves mean that people had slaves but are not dependent on slaves (their society can function without use of slaves)
 * Slaves society means that their society will not be able to function without use of slaves (dependent on slaves)
 * Rome is a slave society

ROMAN CLASSES:
 * in Rome inequality was accepted
 * Senate: 300 men
 * Equites: horsemen could afford horses
 * Freeborn: don’t own land
 * Freedmen: freed slaves
 * Slaves:

we get our government from the Romans, with checks and balences and three branches
 * POLITICAL BREAKDOWN**
 * __consul__(2 people) exetuive branch,
 * can only be consul one year at a time and only revoted in after 10 years
 * supposed to be at least 42 and have held all previous offices (cursus honorum)
 * preside in meetings, control navy
 * hfd
 * __Senate__Aristocracy
 * Real owner, controlled $, fathers passed positions to their sons thus providing wealth, influence, political/military expierence and control
 * Gives everybody advise, people tend to take senates advice
 * Fhd
 * __People/assemblies__the democratic part
 * 193 centuries, all getting one vote, and everybody belongs to a century
 * 98 of the centuries are majority particians
 * thus, they could always win
 * they had a lock on structure of gov’t

-Early Romans believed in __Numina__ ..invisable forces -vesta: living, energy of fire, in hearth -Janus: guarded door -Penates: watched food __-Pax Deorum__ (peace of the gods) -covenant between gods and Roman States -Sacrifices and rituals to gods to win their favor -when Romans took over Greece they stole Greece’s myths &gods __-Cursus Honorum__ (course of Honor) -states that in order to be a consul one must hold all pervious offices, acts as checks and balences, significant b/c will be broken - only one year per term in power for consul - elected by senate -__Dicctatorship__ -Senate can grant ^ in time of panic -6 months to do whatever - office of total power, then have to willingly give it up after 6 months -__SPQR Senate & people [que] of Rome__ -how Rome refers to itself

as previously stated: The initial issue in Rome was wealth inequality Plebeains just left and partricians discovered how much they needed them This is when Tribunes come in (see tribune) By **326** there were no debt slaves (like Athens) This means Rome had to conquer territory to get slaves
 * 494** first historical strike
 * 300s -260s**

Italy’s Expansion: -two years in consul rule encourages war -expansion is chiefly credited to army -all male citezins = subject to serve -soilders: body armor, shield, spear, & sword, subdivided into units that could maneuver independentially

-conquest sparked by: -tiffs btwn hill tribes -made their interests Roman interests and visaversa -prevailed by shear #s sometimes -The republic system proved iadequate, yearly gov’t changes= no time to befriend locals, start acting on passed laws, establish working systems..ect. -FAILURE OF REPUBLIC…(fill this in later) 300s- 260s in Italy Some people were citizens Others were t 280s S. Italy revolts Pyrrhus, won all battles 285 Romans in charge of Italy Carthage- port city, 264-241 1st Punic war War in sicily..they ask for help Both Carthaginians and Romans go to help, one thing leads to another and Carthage and Rome fight Carthage: good at naval war Romans:good at land war, try to improve navy, Romans win by turning themselves into a naval power Treaty one: two zones N. Africa & Spain to Carthage Europe goes to Rome Rome gets Sicily and Sardinia (first non -Italy land) Rome gets $$ 2nd Punic war 218-01 BC, 17 years Hannibal- Carthage general takes over Spain, attacking saguntum Romans help saguntum, Thus breaking treaty Rome wants to attack two ways, from two sides Fall of 218 Hannibal takes 50 thousand men and elephants over the alps in the snow, this is stupid -Romans very surprised b/c this is completely unexpected -carthaginians brave Carthage gets support of Gauls (live at the top of the Italian "boot") -218-216 Hannibal defeats 3 different roman armies -doesn't attack Rome b/c he'd have to besiege it & he doesn't have enough food for his army, they have to stay on the move -Romans refuse to compromise 215 -battle of cannae (very famous) Romans out # carthaginians 3 to 1 Bloodiest battle until wwI Carthage surrounded Romans and won Hannibal still doesn't attack Rome next 14 years Hannibal and army goes around s. Italy Hannibal: Romans keep harassing him, army slowly diminishing Finially!! Romans get fed up: Scipio Africanus was picked by senate (not consul..should have been consul) goes to Africa in 202 attacks Carthage in 202 Hannibal feels duty to africa and leaves Italy so that he can protect his ppl his land unfamiliar to him, they loose 201 treaty Romans get Spain (has silver) Carthaginians are restricted to 10 ships Romans get $$ -roman empire get bigger 190-140s Romans attack Greece -Philip the 4th of Macedonia -in 50 years Romans killed/enslaved 1/4 of ppl in Greek land -treated Greeks as clients -Greece is so wealthy that from 140 onward there is no taxes for roman citizens Roman senator named Cato ended every speech in, "to conclude Carthage muse be destroyed" 150s 3rd Punic war -Romans destroyed Carthage -burnt everything, killed culture (except for agricultural book) salted fields By 140 everybody is afraid of Romans, they were THE super power, motivated by: -economy built on slaves, take slaves from new conquered lands -consuls inky had one yr, hesitation didn't pay off, had to act quickly -patrons want more clients, want more supporters, Cato: 234-149 BC Lived simpily Frugal, kinda cheap, admired for being modest Famous for laws and encouraged to be hard workers Crassus: 115-53 BC threw money around, richest guy in a long time, personally fed people with his money Bought peoples loyalty New rich, became ok to be over the top money Cicero 106-43 BC wasn't an old $ family, new opening for richness To show off how rich he is, compelled to show off Latifundia Huge farms When soil era went away individuals took over lands 30-40% people I. Italy = slaves problems b/c riots, slave revolts etc.. 133 people started to fix this Tiberius Gracchus(tribune) Didn't like slavery, thought it took power from ordinary peasants Proposed lex agraria limited public land for one person law that was already there (just enforced) took extra land from poor and redistributed it Senate = mad Refused to discuss that law Tiberius g. Can veto so he veto everything until the senate would discuss the law.. Senate still wouldn't -went to assembly first (against the law but only way to go) Tiberius gracchus (continued) by 133 -trying to limit and redistribute land -assembly passes law but senate won't fund it SO he goes to a Greek king robe privately funded, this is very weird to people -gets money and opens office, staffs it w/ his family -runs again in 132, screw the system, safety..not really..killed by chief priest(his cousin) Gaius gracchus 123 & 122, 121 -fixed price of grain -senate buys military equipment Looses in 121, wins in122 Killed in 121..now two tribunes killed by gov't officials, not supposed to happen Lesson learned from ^^ if system doesn't work, maybe tear it apart Marius took away from the gracchi brothers that one needs their own army, needs better protection Marius
 * **Between 264 & 202 BC** Rome faught two wars with Carthiginians
 * **Between 200 & 146 BC** wars with Hellenistic kingdoms, took over because they were frustrated that Greeks didn’t get that they were supposed to be obedient cliemnts, so Romans took full administration of lands
 * **Between 59 &51 BC** the Celtic people of Gaul by Julius Caesar
 * culture of Rome is changing*
 * anthropocene- era or man, human are most important force in nature*

Consul 7 times, new man (not from old wealth), brilliant general -won war in Numidia, gained N. Africa for Rome CONSUL IN **107 B.C** -opened army to all Romans (Gracchus tried this, but Marius succeeded) -Army will get bigger -gov’t has to pay for weapons -provides a way up the “ladder” jobs -popular, had 10,000s of clients -man of the people, ate with his troops, didn’t act superior -got triumph ..that parade for special people - He is elected consul in **104 103 102 101 & 100 (retires)** Years **91-88**, there was a Social War -Rome and allies in Italy = Social War (yrs 91-88) Most people in Rome are not Roman citizens Many Italian states revolted against Rome -Sulla = traditionalist, hero Compared to Marius, Marius is a plebeian - Sulla ended the war by giving Roman citizenship -Marius (after retirement) tried to involve himself to politics -To be known, you must go out to war -Marius and Sulla fought in two separate countries but not each other -Marius kills Sulla’s supporters when Sulla goes out to fight -Sulla kills Marius’s supporters too when Marius goes out to fight -Sulla in the yr 80, he became dictator -Yr 78, he reinforced the Cursus Honorum (Course of Honor) - Took no veto -He’s the governor to prevent Spain from taking over Rome (of what he did). - However, he cannot leave the province - Pompey + Crassus + Caesar = THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE (The Three Guys) -Spartacus in the yr 74 led the slave revolt for 2 years in Italy -Pompey and Crassus (before Caesar came into play) -Pompey = general and he stole triumph from Crassus - Crassus was well-known for his wealth - Pompey was elected consul in 69 (age 35) and was given power (imperium) to deal with the pirate issue (needing to get rid of it). - Yr 61- He returns to Rome and had a 2 day triumph. - He also had a third triumph -While Pompey was gone - There was a “Catiline Conspiracy” - Catiline tried to assassinate the Senate to have all the power for himself -Julius Caesar (younger age) needed to be elected consul in 51 -He gets the money form Crassus (loans) - Pompey needs to pass land bill that he took over - Crassus wants tax farming - There is a connection between the three and all works out fine - Pompey returns in yr 61 - Julius Caesar received a 5 yr command of Gaul - Gaul = biggest chunk of land - In 53, Crassus made a huge, major mistake - He tried to attack Parthia since he’s not “well-known” like Pompey or Julius Caesar
 * Marius **
 * 105 BC** a tribe of Germans attack Rome: Romans panic and go back to Marius
 * -**clearly a violation but insignificant b/c they “need” him

1. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar helped each other out (formed a tri-cycle) 2. Yr 53, Crassus loses to Pompey that Pompey would be king of Rome a. For this reason, Crassus goes to attack Parthia (the Persians) i. Parthia had horseback and archery army b. Crassus surrenders and was assassinated by the Parthians i. Was a horrific disaster and disabled the “tri-cycle” c. There was a 600 year on and off war with Parthia 3. Julius Caesar ran consul in yr 49 a. Had crossed the Rubicon River (the “no point of return”) and starts the “civil war” b. Pompey and his army ran to Greece c. Julius Caesar controls Rome i. Once established popularity, he chases Pompey in ii. Cleopatria- queen of Egypt killed Pompey 1. Julius Caesar didn’t want to kill but to talk iii. Yr 46, Julius Caesar returns to Rome 1. All alone but powerful 2. Was elected tribune and dictator 3. Had 4 triumphs and was very popular 4. Marc Antony held a crown on Caesar’s head but Caesar disliked it and that was seen as he’s not the king of Rome 5. March 15 44, Senators (with rebel) assassinated Julius Caesar a. Leaders of this assassination were Brutus and Cassius b. Meant to protect the Republic 6. Marc Antony promised not to get in Brutus’ and Cassius’ way, but Marc Antony double-crossed it (at Caesar’s funeral)

11/03/10 - Marc Antony = Caesar’s top general - Was the 2nd triumvirate - Part of the triumvirate are Lepidus and Octavian - Caesar’s will stated to distribute his money among the Roman citizens -Brutus and Cassius fled to Greece - 3/15/44 marked the death of Julius Caesar - Octavian (18 yrs old) was adopted · Was officially Caesar’s airen (?- spelling) · Kills Brutus and Crassius - Octavian is in Rome and he’s the wealthiest one in the empire (advantage) - Egypt provides food (grain) to Rome - Julius Caesar’s mistake was being nice or forgiving to all his rivals - Octavian obtain western Europe, Antony got eastern (towards Asia), and Lepidus got southern (Northern Africa).

- Lepidus got grumpy and wanted more land - Was killed - Antony and Octavian fought in Actium in 31 - Octavian controlled information-spreading rumors - Also made Antony look like a “jerk” - Had feelings about Eastern countries - 31- Octavian controlled - Skilled at propaganda (changed history) - Change in Rome didn’t happen all at once (so slow) - Augustus made Rome look like it was a Republic even though it wasn’t - There were elections held, dictatorship, - He needed to control the army, financial, food, public building (jobs) - Govern of Syria, Egypt, Gaul, and Spain - Quorum = certain %-age of members/senate to count - 31 B.C.E.- 14A.D.- Rome stabilizes - Titles: - Caesar - Augustus (meaning honorable) - Imperator (power/govern) - Princeps (first among equal) - Augustus had adopted Tiberius (politician in Rome) (?) - He was smooth but ruthless

· Tiberius - He was a successor and an adopted son of Augustus - He ruled in 14-37 AD (after Augustus’ 45 year rule) - He kept the money to himself (selfish) -He wasn’t slick or anything like Augustus and murdered some of his relatives -He felt tuned to being a dictator - He retired and ran to Cappri

· Praetorian Guard -Only found in Italy -Ran the empire for 10 years during Tiberius’s rule

· Calligula = “little boot” -Ruled from 37-41 -First one to rule up as a straight king -Made his horse a senator -Reckless spender of money -Made his family a god (even though they were alive) -Was a murderous person -His army (praetorian guard) killed him and the army have control of empire -Germanicus= Father of Calligula

· Claudius -Ruled from 41-54. (54 AD marked his death as well) -Was cautious and played the same “game” as Augustus - Poisoned by his wife, Agrippina

· Senate -Tried to reclaim authority in early 40s but were ignored -Imperator—Imperial -Embraces power head on -calls himself god -emperors start being looked to as gods -Princeps -Pretends he doesn’t have all that power -Res Gestae -recognized for stabilizing Rome’s borders -ending civil wars -very proud to give away his $ -Improved standard of living -settles things out -Roman peace 44 years ..time enough for him to gradually engineer gov’t peak of Rome = Augustus and his proceeding 100 yrs. -Tiberius is Augustus’ adoptive son -General that worked for Nero, crushed revolts -leveled Jewish temple - **68** series of revolts against Nero -Vindex- failed -Galba- **68** revolts spain, Nero kills himself - **68-69** otho overthrows Galba..Vitellius overthrows Otho .. then Vespasian restabalizes things most important part to take away from the Roman empire is the birth of Christianity -lived in Judea -claimed to be faith healer -disliked by jewish / Roman leaders b/c he talked about freeing jews -in his 30s in the year **30** he was crucified and rose from the dead 3 days later
 * both Nero and Augustus claimed to be descended from Caesar*
 * Nero**
 * 54 CE he is emperor**
 * vs**
 * Augustus 30 B.C to 14 AD**
 * Tiberius** **14-37** (copy)
 * Vespasian**
 * 69** = start of golden age **69-180**
 * Jesus** is born in **0**
 * -**jewish

Sorry this is really late, hope it helps, Ellee Kennedy.

__//**JULIUS CEASAR**//__

-Pompey and Crassus: next consul members -Crassus: made money from tax farming -Pompey: best general Rome had ever seen -War against Pirates: Pompey give infinite imperism: ability to do whatever he wants with the army, to stop the Pirates in this case -After Pompey defeats the Pirates he goes back takes over Syria and Jerusalem -Pompey leaves for 10 years to go to war -Julius Ceasar: New politican with great ideas about Rome that Crassus likes -Crassus and Ceasar work together while Pomey is away: Crassus has the money, Ceasar has the ideas and the supporters -Pompey, back frm war and wants land fr his soliders -Crassus now needs his money back from Ceasar to pay Pompey for his soliders land -Julius Crassus and Pompey all work together now to take control of the government(60's) -Julius is elected consul in 59(Pompey and Crassus rigged it so he would) -Julius leaves to conquer Gaul(10 year war) -Crassus goes to attack Persia in 53, Rome's army is destroyed and Crassus is killed -Julius comes back to Rome after conquring Gaul in 49 -Julius walks back into Rome with his army gaurding him(afraid Pompey would kill him if he didn'nt), this starts a civil war between Pomey and Ceasar -Pomey gets army and runs away to Egypt and Julius follows him, egyptians kill Pompey -Julius allies himself with Cleapatra(Ruler of Egypt) and he has a son with Cleapatra named Caesarion, lives in Egypt for a year -Julius finally returns home and is made only consul memeber and then dictator -Julius refuses to be King although the citizens of Rome want him to, Julius' "VP" Mark Anthony wants him to be king -Senate thinks Julius is getting to powerful so they plan to kill him: Brutus and Cassius leaders of the plan and the ones to kill him -3/15/44 Julius Ceaser is killed, in the Senate room by every Senate member and Brutus and Cassius, they all stab him at the same time so knowone would get introuble after the fact. -Mark Anthony knew about the killing and never told Julius -Mark Anthony gives a speech at Julius' funeral telling the croud how terrible it was of the Senate to kill Julius and holds up the cloathes that Julius was killed in, this speech gets the croud very upset and they all go to hunt the killers of Julius -In Julius' will 1/4 of his money went to the Roman people -Julius' nephew Octavian is the new heir to Rome

__//**AUGUSTUS (OCTAVIAN) 63-41 C.E**//__

-Octavian makes a pact with Antony and Lepidus(another Roman politician) that they will all work together controlling Rome but Octavian was the main one in charge called the 2nd Triumvirate -The Three men split the Empire and they all get a chunk of it: Octavian gets land around rome, Antony gets near and around Egypt, and Lepidus get the "left over land that no one wants" -Lepidus revolts becacause he wants more land under his control, Octavian and Antony kill him -Antony: in love with Cleapatra keeps giving his land away to her -Octavian and Antony fight in civil war -Octavian comes to kill Antony and Cleapatra but instead they kill themselves(snake bite) -30 C.E.: Octavian is the only ruler of Rome - Ruled with his army, created the Praetorian Gaurd: person army for Octavian in the middle of Rome -His most fameous nick name AGUSTUS - takes over Egypt - Augustus dies in 14 C.E. and his Republic is gone -The thrown goes to Augutus' adopted son Tiberius


 * //__TIBERIUS 14-37 C.E.__//**

-Not a very fun ruler -didn't give any of his money to the Roman people -26 C.E. he moved the Capital to Capri and lived there for the rest of his life -he was paranoid and killed almost all of his relatives except Caligula


 * //__CALIGULA 37-41 C.E.__//**

-ruler after Tiberius dies -mentally ill -demanded to be worshiped like a god -would go on random killing rages -Caligula was killed by his army in 41 C.E.


 * //__CLAUDIUS 41-54 C.E.__//**

- dictator after Caligula - Claudius takes over Great Britain - restores order in Rome - marries a women named Agrippina whom already has a son Nero -when Nero turns 16 Agrippina kills Claudius and makes Nero dictator/King


 * //__NERO 54-68 C.E.__//**

-CRAZY PERSON -kills his mom -kicks his second wife to death -marries a man -blames a fire that started in Rome on the Christians -Revolts against Nero: Vindex- fails in his revolt, Galba- wins revolt in 68 - Nero kills himself - Galba takes control, three more kings after him(not very important Kings) - **Vespasian** takes over in 69, good period in Rome


 * //__CHRISTIANITY__//**

- Judea comes under the control over Rome in 6 A.D. -Jesus: young Jewish carpenter from northern Israel - Jesus was thought as the Messiah: the promised one by god, whom was sent to earth to relieve everyone of their sins - Jesus had many followers whom he turned from Judaism to Christianity - Jesus was determind to drive out the Romans from Judea - Roman governer saw Jesus as a political threat so he imprisoned him, and crucified him, Jesus then rose three days later from the dead. - 66 C.E. huge revolt by Christians and Jews in Rome, revolt was stopped by Romans in 73 C.E. - Christians in Rome were executed because they refused to worship the king as a god(monotheistic) -Constantine: 324-392 A.D, saw cross superimposed on sun at the Milvian Bridge, converted to christianity and made it legal, basically wrote the rules for the christian church -Augustine: christian emperor, got all the churches in eastern rome to kick out all the aryans, wanted to get rid of aryans and pagans
 * MAIN GOSPELS: (**stories of Jesus written down by his followers**)**

1. Mark: first Gospel 65 C.E. 2. Matthew: convincing of Jesus' existance 70-100 C.E. 3. Luke: much like Mark and Matthew 80-90 C.E. 4. John: The idea of Jesus as God -Platonic Plato's ideas of the one good/holy one -Plato's ideas + Jewdism = Christianity


 * //__THIRD CENTURY CRISIS/ FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (235-284 C.E.)__//**

- frequent changes in Rulers whom are being killed/overthrown by the military - walls around rome for protecion - barter economy: trading for good, no money - many citizens moved from the cities to the country area's - Dicoletian King(284 C.E.) was in power for 20 years - Constantine King 306-337 C.E. - Constantine ended teh killings of Christians and made it possible for people in Rome to practice any religion they pleased - Capital of Rome changed to Byzantium(Constantinople) - end of Roman Empire(Rome only lasted another century)

Terms:

Populares: supporters of the people(Gracchus brothers, Marius)

Optimates: the aristocrats(Sulla)

Centurion: upper ranks of the military

Anthropocence: the era of men.

Patricians: rich, noble, old money men of Rome.

Plebeians: poorer men of Rome, less respected.

Pax Deorum: convent between the gods and the roman state.

Cursus Horum: the course of becoming a council(have to be 42 years of age, have to go through every level of the government, ect.)

Atrium: rectangular courtyard w/ open skylight and rain water for drinking/ washing, a dining room, kitchen, private bath

Tenate Farmers: cultivated plots of land in return for a portion of their crop

Pax Romana: teh safty and stability gauranteed by Roman might

__//**Review for Rome test**//__ Octavian was born in 63 BC. Octavian was adopted by Caesar and changed his name to Octavian Caesar. Octavian with the help of his army, Lepidus, and Antony got complete control over Rome and killed political opponents. This was the second group of three in Rome with lots of power. In 27 BC the senate gave Octavian the new name Augustus and gave him control over the military, the spending, the land etc.Augustus became the emperor. Augustus was the absolute dictator.Augustus declared war on Antony. Augustus won the naval battle against Antony and Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Augustus got Rome back under control after 100 years of chaos. After Augustus died the Romans called their emperors gods.

__//**Bold points in book:**//__

aqueduct

Augustus (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)

Constantine (306-337 C.E.)

equites

Jesus (ca. 5 B.C.E.-34 C.E.)

patron/client relationship

Paul (ca. 5-65 C.E.)

pax romana

Roman Principate

Roman Republic

Roman Senate

Romanization

Third-Century Crisis

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